Peptides›Healing›VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, research)

VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, research)

/ Endogenous secreted glycoprotein growth factor; multiple isoforms (VEGF121, VEGF165, VEGF189, VEGF206 from alternative splicing)

TIER 3 · PreclinicalN = 0 · TESTING PENDINGMW 38200.00 g·mol⁻¹

ALIAS · VEGF-A · VEGF (research-grade recombinant) · Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

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Research use onlyAny dose figures below describe what specific cited studies used, reported factually. Nothing on this page is guidance for human use.READ FIRST →

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§ A · Identity

Primary sequence— sequence not captured —

MW · 38200.00CLASS · Endogenous secreted glycoprotein growth factor; multiple isoforms (VEGF121, VEGF165, VEGF189, VEGF206 from alternative splicing)CATEGORY · Healing

Tier 3. Endogenous VEGF-A is among the most-studied growth factors in biology; recombinant VEGF for therapeutic angiogenesis has been studied in Phase 1-2 trials (peripheral arterial disease, cardiac ischaemia) without translation to approval. The clinical impact has been on the inhibition side — anti-VEGF antibodies (bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept) are FDA-approved for cancer and ocular indications.

§ B · Mechanism of action

VEGF-A binds VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1) on endothelial cells, driving proliferation, migration, vascular permeability, and angiogenesis. The 165-residue isoform (VEGF165) is the most abundant secreted form and the workhorse of preclinical and clinical angiogenesis research.

§ C · Human clinical evidence

Tier 3 for therapeutic recombinant VEGF (no approved product). Robust rodent and large-animal evidence for therapeutic angiogenesis; Phase 1-2 trials in critical limb ischaemia and refractory angina (early 2000s) failed to demonstrate clear functional benefit and were discontinued.

§ D · Primary literature

PubMed12778165Ferrara N et al. — The biology of VEGF and its receptors · Nature Medicine · reviewAuthoritative review of VEGF-A signalling, VEGFR-1/VEGFR-2 biology, and the therapeutic rationale for anti-angiogenic targeting in oncology.Limitations: Narrative review; written before later refinements on VEGF isoform-specific signalling.2003

PubMed2735925Ferrara N et al. — Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · in-vitroOriginal isolation and characterisation of a heparin-binding endothelial-cell-specific mitogen from bovine pituitary follicular cells — the molecule subsequently named VEGF.Limitations: In-vitro discovery paper; therapeutic implications not addressed.1989

PubMed8602241Carmeliet P et al. — Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele · Nature · rodentHeterozygous VEGF knockout mice exhibited lethal vascular defects, demonstrating exquisite gene-dose sensitivity of vascular development to VEGF.Limitations: Embryonic lethality precluded study of postnatal phenotype in this model.1996

§ F · Safety signal

Recombinant VEGF dosing in early human trials produced expected vascular permeability effects (transient hypotension, edema) without serious safety surprises. Theoretical concerns about pro-tumour angiogenesis in patients with occult malignancy underlie cautious clinical positioning.

§ H · Regulatory status

Regulatory status

FDA status:: Not FDA-approved

§ I · Notable gaps and controversies

Vendor-sold recombinant VEGF is intended for in-vitro research applications (cell culture, angiogenesis assays). Use as a therapeutic injectable is outside any approved or characterised clinical pathway; pro-angiogenic dosing in humans without disease-specific protocols carries the malignancy-promotion concern.