SYS · ONLINE│PASS · 63.0%
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Independent Testing / Est. 2026
BATCH04·26·B
PASS63.0%
N27
Peptides›Metabolic›Tirzepatide

Tirzepatide

/ Dual GIP / GLP-1 receptor agonist
TIER 1 · ClinicalN = 0 · TESTING PENDINGMW 4813.53 g·mol⁻¹LAST REVIEW 2026·04·20

ALIAS · Mounjaro · Zepbound

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Research use onlyAny dose figures below describe what specific cited studies used, reported factually. Nothing on this page is guidance for human use.READ FIRST →

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§ A · Identity
Primary sequence— sequence not captured —
MW · 4813.53CLASS · Dual GIP / GLP-1 receptor agonistCATEGORY · Metabolic

FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (Mounjaro, 2022) and chronic weight management (Zepbound, 2023). First drug approved for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity (December 2024).

§ B · Mechanism of action

Tirzepatide is a 39-amino-acid synthetic peptide engineered as a dual agonist of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. It is biased toward GIP-R relative to native GIP, with somewhat reduced GLP-1R potency relative to native GLP-1. A C20 fatty-diacid moiety confers albumin binding and a half-life of approximately 5 days.

Head-to-head SURPASS-2 showed tirzepatide producing greater HbA1c reduction than semaglutide 1 mg in type 2 diabetes. SURMOUNT-5 showed tirzepatide producing greater weight loss than semaglutide 2.4 mg in obesity.

§ C · Human clinical evidence

Extensive. SURPASS program established efficacy in type 2 diabetes. SURMOUNT program established efficacy for chronic weight management and, uniquely, moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea. SUMMIT trial in HFpEF with obesity reported benefit on composite cardiovascular outcomes.

§ D · Primary literature
PubMed35658024Jastreboff AM et al. — Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity · New England Journal of Medicine · human-phase-3-rct72-week mean weight change of -15.0%, -19.5%, and -20.9% at tirzepatide 5, 10, and 15 mg weekly vs -3.1% placebo in adults without diabetes.Limitations: Excluded participants with type 2 diabetes (covered by SURMOUNT-2).2022
PubMed34170647Frías JP et al. — Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes · New England Journal of Medicine · human-phase-3-rctHbA1c reduction of -2.01 to -2.30% with tirzepatide 5/10/15 mg vs -1.86% with semaglutide 1 mg over 40 weeks.Limitations: Head-to-head comparison at semaglutide 1 mg (not the higher 2 mg dose later approved).2021
PubMed38912654Malhotra A et al. — Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity · New England Journal of Medicine · human-phase-3-rctAHI reduction of ~25-29 events/hour vs 5-6 with placebo in obese patients with moderate-to-severe OSA. Basis for December 2024 Zepbound OSA indication.Limitations: Two parallel trials with and without PAP therapy; combined sample size modest.2024
§ E · Dosage ranges studied

Factual reporting of what cited studies used — not a recommendation.

  • SURMOUNT-1 obesity trial — Adult humans without diabetes — 5, 10, or 15 mg (titrated) Subcutaneous weeklyREFSURMOUNT-1 (Jastreboff 2022)
  • SURPASS-2 T2DM comparison vs semaglutide — Adult humans with type 2 diabetes — 5, 10, or 15 mg (titrated) Subcutaneous weeklyREFSURPASS-2 (Frias 2021)
§ F · Safety signal

Gastrointestinal adverse events predominate (nausea 18-29% in pivotal trials), generally titration-related. Discontinuation for AEs in SURMOUNT-1 was 4.3-7.1% vs 2.6% placebo. Boxed warning for thyroid C-cell tumors based on rodent findings. Warnings mirror the GLP-1 class: pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, acute kidney injury, hypoglycemia when combined with insulin or sulfonylureas, diabetic retinopathy complications, hypersensitivity. Contraindicated in medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN2 history.

§ H · Regulatory status

Regulatory status

FDA status:
FDA-approved
Compounding:
Not eligible for compounding (approved, not in shortage)